The growing challenge of cancer and liver diseases in India

Cancer and liver diseases represent significant health challenges in India, affecting millions and posing a burden on the healthcare system. According to the National Cancer Registry Program (NCRP), India reported approximately 1.16 million new cancer cases in 2018. By 2020, this figure rose to an estimated 1.39 million new cases, highlighting an alarming trend in cancer prevalence.

The most prevalent cancers in India include breast cancer, the most common cancer among women, accounting for about 14 percent of all cases, cervical cancer being the second most common, contributing to about 10 percent of cancer cases and oral cancer, particularly prevalent among men, posing significant health risks in the population. Current status of cancer remains a pressing public health issue in India, with around 784,000 deaths attributed to this deadly disease in 2020. Despite such a magnitude of this disease, there is a concerning lack of awareness about cancer symptoms and early detection, particularly in rural areas, where healthcare resources are limited.

Cancer’s complexity is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Genetic factors, which are inherited mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Environmental factors include carcinogens like tobacco smoke, asbestos, and ionizing radiation that contribute to cancer development. Lifestyle factors include increasing use of plastic in day-to-day life, use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides to increase the crop productivity and production, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, unhealthy eating habits, and inactivity. Certain viral infections, such as HPV (cervical cancer) and hepatitis B and C (liver cancer), play critical roles in cancer development. Hormonal imbalances too can influence the onset of cancers like breast and prostate cancer.

To combat the growing cancer burden in India, a multifaceted approach is essential. Launching public awareness campaigns will help emphasize prevention, early detection, and treatment options. Establishing nationwide screening programs, especially for high-risk populations, will ensure early intervention. Improving healthcare infrastructure in rural areas is crucial for enhancing access to diagnostic and treatment facilities. Strengthening regulations on use of plastics, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides, tobacco and alcohol, promoting healthy lifestyles and ensuring vaccine availability, such as the HPV vaccine are vital steps. Increased investment in cancer research will deepen our understanding of the disease and foster new treatments. Additionally, creating support groups and counselling services will assist patients and families, while enhancing Liver plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including metabolism, detoxification, and nutrient storage. Understanding the impacts of modern lifestyle choices on liver health is vital for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.
Unfortunately, contemporary lifestyles pose significant risks to liver health. A poor diet characterized by a high intake of processed foods and unhealthy fats can lead to fatty liver disease. Additionally, excessive alcohol consumption can result in serious liver conditions. A sedentary lifestyle, marked by a lack of physical activity, contributes to obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Furthermore, obesity itself is associated with liver fat accumulation and inflammation, further jeopardizing liver health.

Liver disease can arise from various causes, including viral infections, particularly hepatitis viruses, which are primary contributors to liver inflammation; chronic alcohol abuse, which can lead to significant liver damage; and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), often linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis, and genetic disorders like hemochromatosis can also disrupt liver health. Identification of liver issues typically involves recognizing symptoms, such as fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, and dark urine. Blood tests, including liver function tests, assess liver health through enzyme levels, while imaging studies like ultrasound and CT scans can reveal structural abnormalities. In some cases, a liver biopsy may be necessary to determine the extent of liver damage.

Both cancer and liver diseases are critical public health issues in India. By raising awareness, improving healthcare access, and adopting healthier lifestyles, significant progress can be made in combating these diseases. Individuals must prioritize their health by being informed and proactive, while healthcare systems work toward enhanced prevention, early detection, and treatment options.

Recognizing the challenge, the Government of India has implemented several initiatives aimed at raising awareness, facilitating early detection, and enhancing treatment options for these conditions. A multi-faceted approach encompassing prevention, early detection, treatment, and ongoing research has been formulated. These initiatives aim to improve healthcare access, raise awareness, and provide financial support to affected individuals. By staying informed about these programs and utilizing available resources, individuals can significantly enhance their health outcomes and contribute to the broader fight against these debilitating diseases.